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samkhya sutra,-Vishayadhyaya, (S.-1, Ch.-1, V.-8) |
स्वभावस्यानपायित्वात्, अननुष्ठानलक्षणमप्रामाण्यं । |
svabhāvasyānapāyitvāt, ananuṣṭhānalakṣaṇamaprāmāṇyaṃ । |
No expectation of change in the nature of a particular matter or subject. |
svabhāvasya = one's inherent, natural state; anapāyitvāt = not-going-away-ness, persistence; ananuṣṭhāna-lakṣaṇam = non-observance, neglect – characterized by; aprāmāṇyam = lack of having proof, not credible. |
The inherent nature of a thing is stable, it cannot be changed or removed [because] that inherent nature is the proof [of its existence].
____James R. Ballantyne, London 1885_____ Since an essential nature is imperishable, unauthoritativness, betokened by impracticableness, [would be chargeable against the Scripture, if pain were essential to humanity].
This sutra further explains the preceding verse. Life is a bundle of certain characteristics and properties, which themselves are proof of the existence of life itself. For example, the growth of a tree is proof that the tree exists, flowing is the proof of water, heat is the proof of fire - these properties cannot be changed. There is no such thing as a cold fire, for example. This clarifies the understanding of what "inherent" means - inherent qualities prove the very existence of something, and each being has its own personality. If a tiger becomes a vegetarian, it will no longer be a tiger, and a flying cow will no longer be considered a cow, because it will have changed its characteristics. This sutra feels like very modern reasoning, Kapil actually seems to be a much more advanced materialist than some people are today. What is even more fascinating is that he is talking about life and its functions without ever using or mentioning any concept of "God" or divinity. Belief and faith is not part of philosophy, which requires evidence and logic.